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Poland (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish:
Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered
by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south;
Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and
Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of
Poland is 312,679 km² (120,728 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country
in the world and 9th in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38.5 million
people, which makes it the 33rd most populous country in the world.
The establishment of a Polish state is often identified with the adoption of
Christianity by its ruler Mieszko I in 966 (see Baptism of Poland), when the
state covered territory similar to that of present-day Poland. Poland became
a kingdom in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a long association with the Grand
Duchy of Lithuania by uniting to form the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth collapsed in 1795. Poland regained its independence in 1918
after World War I but lost it again in World War II, occupied by Nazi
Germany and the Soviet Union. Poland lost over six million citizens in World
War II, and emerged several years later as a communist country within the
Eastern Bloc under the control of the Soviet Union. In 1989 communist rule
was overthrown and Poland became what is constitutionally known as the
"Third Polish Republic". Poland is a unitary state made up of sixteen
voivodeships (Polish: województwo). Poland is also a member of the European
Union, NATO and OECD.
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