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Peru (Spanish: Perú, Quechua: Piruw, Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic
of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú , is a country in western South
America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by
Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west
by the Pacific Ocean.
Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the
oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in
Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th
century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South
American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone
periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of
stability and economic upswing.
Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its
geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of
the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a
developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty
level around 45%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing,
mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.
The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including
Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is
Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua and other
native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide
diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and
music.
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